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5G is the next generation technology of wireless communications and the hottest topic in the future. However, there are also some doubts about the value of 5G. Today, Yang Xuezhi, the author of “The Way of Communication” and a technology guru, published an article on the Communication Home, demonstrating that 5G is a “failed technology” from a technical perspective. The internal events are relatively novel, so readers are asked to judge for themselves, and messages are welcome!
The wireless communication industry has developed for four generations and is currently on the eve of 5G industrialization. It is one of the hottest topics at the moment. How 5G develops and what its prospects are are a matter of concern in all aspects, including academia, industry, investment circles and The authorities are very caring. In addition, news that China has launched 6G research has also appeared in the newspapers. How the wireless communication industry will develop in the future and whether there will continue to be 6, 7, 8, and 9G has also attracted everyone’s attention. In order to answer these questions, we first briefly recall the history of the development of the wireless communication industry.
Wireless communicationThe information industry is driven by the two wheels of demand and technology. As early as 1947, scientists at Bell Labs proposed the concept of cellular communications, in which the core technology was frequency reuse and switching. Based on this concept, Bell Labs developed the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) in 1978, which was the first generation of mobile location communication system. AMPS is an analog communication system that uses frequency division multiple access (FDMA) multiplexing technology. The main technical means is a filter, which is not susceptible to noise interference and the quality of voice tools is poor.
With the development of integrated circuit technology, the second-generation mobile location communication system adopts digital technology, and adopts TDMA and channel coding technology, making the communication system develop towards network broadband, and the quality of voice tools has been greatly improved. improvement. Among them, the GSM system developed in Europe is very successful and is still widely used today.
In the 1990s, the Internet developed rapidly. In response to the requirements of this era, the industry formulated 3G standards to realize a mobile Internet. 3G uses CDMA technology developed by Qualcomm. CDMA was once considered a magical technology. Qualcomm claimed that the spectrum efficiency of CDMA can reach 18 times that of AMPS. However, experiments have shown that this view is too exaggerated. CDMA has self-interference problems and its spectrum efficiency is only higher than GSM. About 10%, and the system design of WCDMA, the mainstream standard of 3G, is too complex, resulting in relatively high deployment costs, so it has never been able to replace the GSM system.
The fourth generation of variable location communications uses OFDM technology, which fundamentally overcomes the technical shortcomings of CDMA and simplifies system design, creating a successful generation of variable location communications systems. How OFDM overcomes the shortcomings of CDMA can be found in my “The Way of Communication – From Calculus to 5G” for details.
If we briefly summarize, we can find that 1G has tapped into the huge demand for mobile location communications, but it has adopted a relatively backward technical system, so it has not grown much. 2G launched the digital revolution and achieved great success. 3G was born to meet the newly emerging demand for the changing location of the Internet, but it took technical detours and the global 3G business was not very successful. However, 4G has returned to the right technical path, and the 4G business is now booming.
With the successful commercialization of 4G, and following the ten-year development pattern of wireless communications, the industry has begun the research and development of 5G. According to current industry standards, 5G will begin large-scale commercial use around 2020. The Chinese government has allocated 500MHz spectrum for 5G, and the three major operators have also launched commercial trials in multiple cities. Preparatory work for commercial use is in full swing. Many people believe that 5G licenses will be issued within the year (2019).
Discussions on 5G should also start from the perspective of skills and needsAsk for two lines to discuss.
Wireless communication technology system
The wireless communication industry can basically be summarized using the three words “end-pipe-cloud”LR Escorts Combined. The terminal is the terminal, including computer, PAD, mobile phone, etc. The cloud is the internal transactions stored on the network, such as the data centers of Sina, Baidu, and Taobao, and the tube is the channel connecting the terminal and the cloud.
This pipeline can be divided into two sections. One section is from the terminal to the base station (or sharer), this section is wireless communication, also called the air interface; the other section is from the base station to the cloud, Liberians EscortIt is wired communication. Clouds are all hung on the Internet, so the Internet is the only way through this pipeline. There is a core network for mobile location communication. The base station is first hung on the core network and then connected to the Internet. The core network mainly plays an operational support role, such as component identification, billing, etc. The other system is the WiFi that everyone is familiar with. There is no core network, and the sharer is directly connected to the Internet. This forms two major ecosystems, namely the legendary CT and IT. The cooperation and competition between them will run the direction of the wireless communication industry.
In the wireless communication industry, the output value of the air interface segment, including terminals and base stations, accounts for the majority. If we make an analogy, the communication network can be compared to the human body’s circulatory system or the nervous system. The backbone network part can be compared to the central nervous system or aorta. Although the capacity is large, there are only a few. The sales volume of the backbone network is not large, but it occupies the strategic commanding heights; while the air interface part is equivalent to nerve endings or capillaries, the number is huge, and it occupies an important market share of the wireless communication industry.
Cable networks are now fiber optic. The discovery of optical fiber was based on Kao Kun’s theory, for which he won the Nobel Prize. The large capacity and low cost of optical fiber have completely changed the face of human communication. The speed of the earliest optical fiber lines was only 45Mbps. Later, it developed at an astonishing speed. Now a single optical fiber can reach 1Tbps. Liberians Sugardaddy And optical fiber is cheaper than a uniform length of noodles. This is real high technology. In the early days, optical fiber was only used for backbone lines (such as between Beijing and Shanghai). With the decline in costs, optical fiber has now entered households. Due to the existence of optical Liberians Sugardaddy fiber, an important task of wired network is how to organize and apply the capacity of optical fiber, such as IPV6, SDN, etc.It’s basically a logical task, and overall it’s relatively simple.
The air interface department is much more difficult than the wired network. In wired communications, electronic signals are transmitted in a specially manufactured medium, whether it is copper wire or optical fiber. The quality of electronic signal equipment is very good, and high speeds can be achieved at will. The situation around the spread of wireless electronic signals is much worse. Radio waves attenuate quickly during the transmission process and are also blocked by buildings, mountains, and trees. In many cases, they need to be reflected or penetrate obstacles to reach the receiver. Moreover, radio waves do not follow regular paths and may go to undesirable places, causing disturbance to others. However, wireless communication has an advantage, that is, it is freed from the constraints of wires. You can walk around with your mobile phone. This kind of convenience is better than that of wired communication. Communication is incomparable. Therefore, despite the great challenges, countless researchers are working hard to overcome the difficulties in wireless communications.
Network layering protocol
These things just mentioned , behind which is the hierarchical structure of the collection. For example, the picture above is a 7-layer protocol model of a network. Readers who are not specialized in research do not need to delve into it. They only need to understand that the network works in layers. The bottom layer is called the physical layer, and the other layers can be combined and called high-level layers. The physical layer deals with physical electronic signals, such as electricity or light, that is, how to convert information into electrical or optoelectronic signals that can be used for transmission. The physical layer solves the problem of communication capability or bandwidth. With so much bandwidth, how to organize and apply it is what the top management has to do.
This is very similar to the postal system. The physical layer is equivalent to the method of transporting letters or packages, which can be horse-drawn carriages, cars, steamships, and airplanes, which provide the ability to transport. But when we send a letter, we have to write the mailing address on the envelope, go to the post office and hand it over to the counter, then sort, pack and unload the truck, and when we get to the destination, a postman must deliver it to the recipient address. These are all done by the senior management. work.
So everyone can see that the core technology of communication collection is at the physical layer. Of course, high-level personnel are also essential, but relatively speaking there is not much room for change. If our postal system is more advanced than before, it is not mainly reflected in the layout of the post office, but in the improvement of transportation methods. In the past, it was horse-drawn carriages, but now it is changed to airplanes. Although the post office has also improved, such as installing glass counters, and perhaps mechanical sorting of letters, these are not the important reasons.
Optical fiber is the most important cornerstone of modern communication networks, which is the physical layer technology. Among the high-level techniques that everyone is most familiar withIt’s an IP protocol. After IPV4 has been widely used, although there are some problems, attempts are made to solve them through IPV6. However, IPV6 has not replaced IPV4 after 20 or 30 years, because the high-level technology is relatively simple and there is not much room for improvement.
Wireless communication technology evolution
Similarly, the core technologies of the air interface are also in the physical layer, and each generation of changing location communications is defined by these core technologies. These core skills are the common sense in the “Communication Principles” course.
3G focus skills
The focus skills of the air interface can It is divided into 5 major categories, namely modulation, coding, multiple access, networking and multiple antennas. More basic than core techniques is basic theory, including electromagnetic theory and information theory. As shown in the picture above.
Everyone knows that Qualcomm developed CDMA technology and became the core technology of the three major 3G standards (WCDMA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA), thus becoming a giant in the chip industry. Shown above is the focus technique of WCDMA. Qualcomm’s contributions are mainly in the two areas of multi-access and networking.
Although it is widely believed that Qualcomm developed CDMA technology, CDMA was not invented by Qualcomm. The inventor was Hollywood porn star Heidi Lamarr. The standard receiver of CDMA technology is called the Rake receiver, which was also invented by Bell Labs in the 1950s. In fact, because CDMA was widely considered to have good confidentiality at that time, it had been used in military communications. Qualcomm was solving the civilian problem of CDMA, which was generally not favored at the time.
Qualcomm has three strategies for solving CDMA civilian applications, namely power control (Power Ctrl), same-frequency multiplexing (UFR) and soft switching. Power control Liberia Sugar maintains the near-far effect, co-frequency multiplexing improves spectrum efficiency, and soft handover handles handover continuity. This constitutes Qualcomm’s CDMA technology system. Here is just a brief introduction, technicians can refer to my book “The Way of Communication”. Since UFR is not a patent, Qualcomm actually has two core patents in CDMA. Among them, the soft switching patent has been authorized by the US Patent Office and has been included in Qualcomm’s development history.
The important progress of 3G in the field of coding is the use of Turbo codes, which were discovered by professors sponsored by France Telecom. It is a milestone in the history of communication development because it is the first time that it is fully close to the code proposed by Shannon in 1948. Channel capacity.
In the field of multi-antennas, Alamouti coding utilizes multi-coding of broadcast channels. Because the proportion of broadcast channels in all businessesThe weight is not big, so the role of this encoding is relatively low. But this code is a milestone in the field of multi-antenna technology and has a very large influence.
Modulation is the most basic communication skill, bar none. Because of its foundation, it is stable and there has not been much change in 5G until now.
It can be seen that Qualcomm has core technologies in 3G multi-access and networking. Of course, in the process of engineering core technologies, a patent portfolio consisting of thousands of patents has also been established. With the combined operation of these patents and chips, a large amount of Qualcomm tax has been collected.
In fact, from the current point of view, Turbo code and Alamouti code are the more important core technologies. However, these two core technologies have no mechanism for commercial operation in large companies such as France Telecom and ATT. They only collect some patent fees and do not have the intangible image of a business as big as Qualcomm.
4G focus skills
After 4G, CDMA skills Replaced by OFDM technique. The important reason is that CDMA has self-interference problems. Qualcomm’s power control and soft switching try to solve this problem, but the method adopted is to remedy the shortcomings of CDMA, but no matter how much it is corrected, it cannot be completely corrected.
Since OFDM has fundamentally overcome the shortcomings of CDMA self-interference and greatly improved spectrum efficiency, these remedies are no longer necessary. So in the 4G era, Qualcomm’s technology system was destroyed. The use of OFDM technology has brought new problems, and solving these problems has led to the emergence of three innovations. These are the sOFDM and soft frequency reuse (SFR) I proposed in Huawei and the SC-FDMA technology proposed by Ericsson. I also proposed random beam forming technology at Huawei, which solved the serious shortcomings of the very popular Cyclic Delay Diversity. The 3G solution is still used in the modulation and coding fields.
It can be seen that Huawei has replaced Qualcomm in the core technology of 4G. But it is a pity that due to Huawei’s pursuit of genes, it cannot exert the power of its patented nuclear weapons. It has to pay Qualcomm, but only a small amount from Apple. However, Huawei has thus avoided the impact of patented nuclear weapons, and coupled with Huawei’s product advantages, Huawei has had a good life and has become the largest equipment manufacturer in the 4G era.
5G core technology
The 5G standard has been formulated, and it can be seen clearly after the finalization.
First of all, the modulation aspect has not changed. It’s too basic and cannot be changed even if you want to.
Due to the work of Lenovo’s voting gate, there are many stories about coding Liberia SugarEveryone knows. Compared with the Turbo code used in 3G/4G, 5G uses LDPC and Polar codes. Both codes are famous and are landmark technologies in the development of communication technology after Turbo code. The code is already relatively close to the Shannon limit. Although the two codes are closer, the improvement to the system capacity is not large, about 1 to 2%.
Multi-address is a major issue for 5G. One of the scenarios, eMBB, still uses OFDM. Among them, SC-FDMA proposed by Ericsson has become optional in 4G because it has no technical advantages over OFDMA.
Multi-address NOMA is very popular and was once recognized as a must-have technology for 5G. In the early days of the 5G standard, almost all vendors supported this direction. But after my argument, NOMA is better than OFDM. The gain is strictly zero, which is strictly proven by information theory, so NOMA is both complex and has no gain, which is a technical regression.
In addition, Huawei also launched F-OFDM, which is exactly the opposite of sOFDM. All surrounding conditions of the bandwidth use the same parameters, thereby achieving economies of scale. F-OFDM emphasizes using different parameters for different surrounding conditions to better adapt to the surrounding conditions. Liberians Escort This approach does not bring any gains. Instead, it loses the big watermelon of scale effect, which is also a technical regression.
I haven’t heard anything about the networking. Assuming that it should still be reused on the same frequency, SFR and CoMP are both very simple networking solutions and do not require standardization. Although CoMP was once considered a more advanced technology, it has achieved a lot of standardization. After product development, it has failed.
The most famous one in the field of multi-antenna is massive MIMO, which is said to be able to increase the system capacity hundreds of times. According to the media, it is almost synonymous with the reality of 5G. It has been 23 years since it was proposed. The huge improvement in capacity it brings has always been a hot topic in academia and industry. However, this technology has not been very successful until 4G.If you show off, you will win, and if you support it, you will lie down. I remember when I was still a novice 20 years ago, I saw a store demonstrating space division multiplexing at a telecommunications exhibition, using the same time and frequency resources to achieve simultaneous communication between two users without disturbing each other. It is not difficult to successfully demonstrate MIMO technology in a selected scenario, but the difficulty of the problems involved in complex real-world situations is a difference between two geometric levels. Of course, MIMO is a field with potential, but the practical problem remains unsolved.
The problem with MIMO is that although capacity can be increased, additional equipment is costly. In fact, the simplest application of MIMO is the ancient three-sector antenna. An omnidirectional cell is divided into three sectors, and the capacity is actually tripled. This is the principle of MIMO, although it is a bit rigid. So be rude and create 9 sectors or 12 sectors, which is called mmIMO. This Huawei already has a product. This has nothing to do with whether it is 5G or not.
Taken together, compared to 4G, 5G has almost no technological improvement, and has even regressed in some places. For example, NOMA, F-OFDM, and self-contained structures are used to ensure short delays.
Also, 5G uses higher spectrum. In China, it’s 3.5GHz, which is a little better. The United States uses 28GHz. The higher the frequency, the smaller the coverage. This is the basic common sense of wireless communication. Therefore, for the same network coverage, compared to 4G 2.6GHz, the investment in 3.5GHz is more than 50% (I have also seen it, it seems reasonable), and 28GHz coverage is a joke, and it is normal to spend 5 times the money. .
So from a technical perspective, 5G has no improvement over 4G, and the cost will be higher.
5G needs
The needs of 5G can probably be summarized in terms of high speed, low latency, and large connections.
As we all know, the current speed target of 4Gdesign is 100Mbps. With the evolution of technology, the speed of 4G Cat 11 has reached 600Mbps. 5G takes a further step to increase the speed target to above 1Gbps. In order to meet the needs of some low-latency services, 5G requires a delay time of 1ms for the air interface, while the 4G target is about 30ms. 4G is mainly designed for the mobile Internet. It emphasizes the high-speed connection between people and the network. The number of terminals connected to the network at the same time is not an issue that requires special consideration. In the era of the booming Internet of Things, every object may have Internet requirements, so the number of connections will increase by orders of magnitude. 5G needs to have the ability to support massive connections.
The most eye-catching thing about 5G is its speed. Reading news is often faster than fiber optics, a blockbuster is released in one second, and it is so fast that people’s faces are blown into skeletons, etc.
But what kind of business requires such speed?
Although I can’t think of it at the moment, there is one that is very popularThe point is, build the roads first and then there will be cars. This is true for 3G and 4G. Weibo, WeChat, Douyin, etc. were basically unimaginable before. When 4G comes, these applications will be available.
Obviously, this view has big logical problems in the first place. It’s normal for there to be no cars after roads have been repaired. Have you never seen a road that no one takes? It is unreliable to infer 5G based on the situation of 3G and 4G. Just like you have already lived to be 80 years old, you cannot infer that you can live to be 80 years old again. Both 2G and 3G are in the period of insufficient bandwidth, which creates the illusion that there must be cars to build roads. But after 4G, bandwidth is no longer scarce.
Another popular view is that technological development often exceeds people’s imagination, so conservative predictions are often wrong. For example, Bill Gates said back then that 640k of computer memory should be enough. Now it is 640G, an increase of 6 several digits.
It must be realized that communication and computers are very different.
All components involved in computers, CPU, memory, hard disk, have a common source: semiconductor technology. Semiconductor integration has increased 1,000 times in the past ten years, and everyone is rising with the tide. But communication is different. Communication requires a receptor. Taking eMBB, the most common one at present, as an example, this receptor is a human. Humans are made of flesh, not sand. The maximum information speed that it can process, that is, the bandwidth, is fixed. It is meaningless to exceed the human bandwidth.
To put it more simply, when I watch movies on my PAD, I usually watch the default high-definition format. Although there is an ultra-high-definition format, I usually don’t automatically select it. Why? Because of my presbyopia, I can’t see the difference between the two. Of course, people with good eyesight should still be able to tell them apart. High-definition video recording has a speed of 1 to 2 Mbps. Current WiFi and 4G far exceed my needs.
Of course, some people will veto it. For example, 4K/8K videos are very popular nowadays. A friend told me that after watching 4K videos, he couldn’t watch anything else. I watch high-definition videos every day, but I don’t feel this way anymore. Of course, for 60″ large TVs, it is still necessary to increase the resolution. But the screens in movie theaters are currently only 2K. I think 4K/8K is more psychological. When users choose a TV, they will rely on it. Look at a small area on the screen and examine it pixel by pixel. Of course, 4K/8K is better. If you look at it at a normal viewing distance, such as 2 meters, will there be any obvious difference between 4K and 2K? Friends who are interested can do a double-blind test.
Even for 4K recording, the speed is only 30Mbps, and 4G support is not difficult. How can there be a need for 1Gbps? This is about virtual reality VR? . VR requires an immersive experience. In a real scene, if we look back slowly, the scenery we see will continue to change.It means intoxicated. In order for VR to achieve this effect, it must not only send you what you are looking at, but also what you are not looking at. When you look back, it will be too late to transfer the data from the new perspective, and there will be lags, which is not an immersive experience. . In this way, the amount of data increases by another 30 times, almost reaching 1G. This is how the demand for 5G’s 1G speed comes from.
As an innovative video recording format, VR is believed to have certain applications. The cost of VRLiberians Escort is that it requires a special helmet. Even if it is a simple mobile phone box, it is not convenient to carry. of. In this way, VR usually occurs indoors, and is usually used in scenes of special use, such as real estate or experience stores in tourist attractions. These businesses generally do not use location-changing communications, but more of WiFi or dedicated lines.
There are always many friends who place their hopes on unknown businesses that may appear in the future. Although specific businesses will emerge in endlessly, we really can’t predict it, but as long as the ultimate receptor is human, the channels through which humans feel information are the eyes and ears, and the nose, tongue and skin are not yet used. Humans will evolve new sensory organs at least. It has to be a job a million years from now. The bandwidth of the human eye determines the maximum speed of communication. This is a physical bottleneck that cannot be broken no matter what application appears.
From the actual situation, the speed of WiFi is always the first to change the location network. Even though WiFi has provided us with 100M bandwidth, LR EscortsOur most commonly used speed is still 1~2M, there are very few applications exceeding 10M, and it can only be reached when downloading software. So in fact, the speed of 4G has exceeded the demand, and the high speed of 5G is completely unnecessary.
Human sensory capabilities are also a decisive factor in delay.
Of course, the shorter the delay, the better. No one dislikes short delay, but the basic principles of information theory determine that short delay will cause high costs. Channel coding relies on the law of large numbers to achieve reliable communication. To achieve channel capacity, infinite delay is actually required. Therefore, this inherent reason determines that the delay cannot be very short. We won’t talk about other processing delays, sequential team delays and reaction delays here. There is no way to achieve low latency, which is to reduce efficiency and use a high signal-to-noise ratio to achieve a very low speed. The cost is too high. Mr. Ren has been saying that high-speed, low-latency communication technology has not yet been achieved. In fact, there is no such technology at the most basic level.
It is important to understand that human sensory delay is about 100 milliseconds, so a 4G delay of tens of milliseconds is more appropriate, and a delay of 1ms is meaningless to people. Therefore, as long as there are people involved in the application, low latency is not required.For example, the commonly used Weibo WeChat, and even mobile games that many people think require low latency, can be played well on WiFi.
Autonomous driving is widely misunderstood as an application that requires low latency. You can often see articles saying that low latency makes braking distances shorter and therefore safer. But this is based on the assumption that the braking command is transmitted from the remote control center to the car through the 5G network. Obviously the actual solution is not like this. Instructions such as braking, which have very high requirements on delay and reliability, can only be generated locally by the car, using the shortest possible circuit. What is transmitted through the network is information such as road planning and road condition information that does not have special requirements for reliability and delay. Googlecar has traveled millions of kilometers and does not need a low-latency network. Even when there is no network, the car should be able to run. This is the minimum requirement.
For the same reason, industrial applications such as unmanned factories cannot be realized through 5G networks. 5G is a public network, and its economic requirements determine that it cannot achieve industrial-level reliability. It’s not that technically it can’t achieve industrial-level reliability, but it can be done but it’s too expensive and the public can’t afford it. All industrial applications must use dedicated lines. The same is true for remote surgery.
Regarding this topic, you will often see a very advanced technology called “network slicing”, which means cutting out a highly reliable channel on the 5G network to meet industrial applications. But this fact is impossible to do. The reliability of a system depends on its weakest link. If the 5G network uses unified hardware facilities, if you don’t want to spend more money, it has already been determined that this is a civilian-level reliability, and it is impossible to do some work on the software to make it reach industrial-level reliability. Just like the Trump motorcade, it costs a lot of money to clear roads, set up sentries, and have hard tools such as pathfinder vehicles, road clearing vehicles, ambulances, communication vehicles, and Army One. Simply hanging a few signs on the street cannot guarantee the president’s safety.
Although low latency and high reliability (uRLLC) is one of the three major scenarios defined by 5G, this conflicts with the basic characteristics of 5G as a public network and is impossible to achieve.
The autonomous driving and unmanned factories just mentioned are examples of the Internet of Things. Next, let’s talk about the Internet of Things in a broad sense.
There is a very famous saying called “4G changes life, 5G changes society”, which is the Internet of Things. 5G enables our society to grow from the Internet to a society where everything is connected.
Although it is generally believed that we are on the eve of the explosion of the Internet of Things, there is a problem. The Internet of Things may not be suitable for location-changing communications.
How did the location change communication come about? In the beginning, people had to make phone calls and travel everywhere, not only locally, but also on business trips and abroad. This feature requires that changing locations require the same standards and be unified globally. So there needs to be something called 3GPPOrganization, hundreds of people from the company work together to formulate this standard, and the efficiency is very low if they go back and forth. A core network must be built to support operations, and operators must maintain a large number of operation and maintenance personnel. These characteristics determine that location-changing communications will be relatively expensive.
Therefore, unless the location is changed, there is no need to use changing location communication. In this way, the customer base of location-based communication is very clear. One is people, the other is cars, and the other is wild animals. Therefore, eMBB, Internet of Vehicles, field scientific research, etc. are serious businesses in variable location communications.
But most things don’t move. Now that Wifi has become popular, a large part of the business will be diverted by Wifi, such as smart homes. Moreover, eMBB is 2C, while the Internet of Things is mostly 2B. Large enterprises such as oil fields and power companies prefer to build their own networks, so they do not need to pay monthly rent to operators. Taking NB-IoT as an example, the annual fee of 20 yuan per link is a huge burden for many applications. This leaves room for storage of systems like Lora, and the cost is much lower than 5G.
Therefore, judging from the three major requirements of 5G, the requirements for high speed and low latency do not exist. Only a small part of the Internet of Things falls into the scope of 5G.
Variable location communication and WiFi
The relationship between 5G and WiFi is an unavoidable issue. This is actually the relationship between the two major ecosystems of CT and IT mentioned at the beginning of this article.
First of all, there is a fact that everyone can feel. WiFi carries 80% of the traffic, but we will not pay a penny for it, but will pay monthly rent for 4G, which only carries 20% of the traffic. . Why is this?
In the information society, mobile phones are the channel through which we connect with society. When we get used to this kind of connection, we will feel anxious when we lose the connection. Many people check WeChat, Weibo, emails, stocks, and lottery tickets whenever they have the opportunity, fearing that they may miss important opportunities or fail to respond to moderators in time. In other words, it is our urgent need to connect with society anytime and anywhere. To meet this rigid need, a wide-covering network is needed, which is exactly the purpose and function of location-changing communication.
When WiFi was very popular, some cities tried to build WiFi cities and use WiFi to achieve coverage, but they all failed in the end. Because WiFi was designed by the IT industry, it inherently lacks the ability to achieve wide coverage. This means that in terms of technical planning, I will not go into details here. Later, the IT industry upgraded WiFi to WiMax in an attempt to compete with CT. However, the genes of the IT industry still led to the failure of WiMax and the bankruptcy of Nortel.
Since WiFi cannot achieve wide coverage, it is defined as an extension of the fixed network and has successfully penetrated into most homes, restaurants and offices. The current measured speed of WiFi has reached 300-400Mbps. WiFiLiberia Sugar Daddyprovides high-speed communication to a specific address. Sharing devices are very cheap, costing 200 yuan each. Users can buy one and handle it themselves. It is obviously not feasible to centrally control these sharing devices and collect monthly rent.
Both IT and CT are trying to invade each other’s territory. WiMax in the early years was a failed attempt by IT to invade CT. In the past few years, I have often heard various news, sometimes Zuckerberg, sometimes Musk, want to build free WiFi around the world. Zhou Hongyi said that he will change his position in China without spending any money. Of course they didn’t win. The unified standards, wide-area coverage, network return network optimization, and customer management required by variable location communications all determine that operators are a hierarchical bureaucracy system that is inseparable from the Internet gene. China’s annual revenue from changing locations is 800 billion, which is enough to buy 6 360s. If you say it’s free, then it’s free. Where can you get such money back? If the user is willing to pay this money, but he doesn’t accept it, what is it called?
On the other hand, can location-changing communication replace WiFi? WiFi has small coverage, high speed, low cost, and uses non-permitted frequency bands, which determines its inevitability of not spending money. If location-changing communication is to replace WiFi, it must also achieve such a low cost and achieve it at no cost. Can this be done? If 4G can take advantage of its existing scale and build low-cost Femto base stations, it is actually possible. However, the market size is too small for big chrysanthemum manufacturers to look down upon, and the existing management system cannot adapt to it. It is difficult for small factories to have this technical ability. So it is relatively difficult.
Therefore, location-changing communication and WiFi have their own usage scenarios. Changeable location communication can realize anytime and anywhere connection, which can meet the rigid needs of users, while WiFi is cheap, has no monthly rent, meets users’ high-speed application needs, and will coexist for a long time.
The Game of 5G
After four generations of development in variable location communications, people have come to a similar rule, that is, the even-numbered generations are not very successful, but the even-numbered generations are very successful. After our analysis, we found that 1G and 3G were driven by new demands, but the technologies were not very good, while 2G and 4G improved the technologies based on the original demands and were very successful. Although 1G and 3G were not very successful, they cannot be said to be failures. After all, they are the only technologies that meet new needs. But when it comes to 5G, the demand is virtual and the technology has not improved, so it is bound to fail.
5G is the hottest topic today. Especially after the Meng Wanzhou incident, the US imperialists organized a group to suppress Huawei. Chinese people have regarded 5G as a battlefield between China and the United States.
Regarding the attitude towards 5G, Mr. Ren has already given a speech, saying that the demand for 5G has not emerged. I admired in my heart that Mr. Ren has really reached the state of doing what he wants without going beyond the rules, and he is not at the mercy of benefits. Later, Xu Zhijun also expressed his relatively conservative views on 5G. But laterThe tone changed, and Mr. Ren apologized to the product line for his remarks. Later, Huawei issued a document stating that it would decisively win the 5G battle.
We have already understood that the most basic value of variable location communication lies in the ability to achieve connectivity at any time and at any location, and on this basis, increase network capacity. If this condition is not met, just achieving high speed locally has no commercial value. For example, the visible light communication that everyone has been talking about is meaningless because it has a small coverage and can only serve two or three people. The speed is too high and exceeds the bandwidth of people. This problem is true for millimeter waves and terahertz.
Although excessively high speeds are meaningless, with the increase in user penetration and the decrease in tariffs, the amount of data will increase by 30% every year for many years. Is Liberians Escort collected with changing location also needs Liberia Sugar Daddy Expansion.
The development direction of location-changing communication is to increase network capacity at low cost while ensuring continuous coverage. Of course, I am not the only one who understands that this is the right direction. In fact, this is knowledge in the communications industry. The success of 2G and 4G is this model.
5G deviates from this model and goes in the wrong direction. There are three reasons behind this. First, innovation in communication principles has encountered a bottleneck. Second, semiconductor technology has achieved explosive development. Third, the wireless industry decision-making chain is too long.
Communication technology has been developing for hundreds of years. Because of its strategic position and ability to create wealth, the world’s strongest intelligence has been invested in it. All simple innovations have long been discovered. The BCJR algorithm used for Turbo code decoding was invented in the 1970s. After I finally understood it after going through difficulties, I sighed that this could only be achieved by making a deal with the devil. By 2009, with the advancement of Turbo, LDPC, Polar, OFDM, MIMO and other fields and approaching the practical limit, the academic community generally felt that the physical layer was dead and could no longer innovate. Big names like David Tse, who are recognized as inheriting the legacy of Hong Kong, also felt that they had nowhere to go and switched to bioinformatics.
At the same time, semiconductor technology has experienced explosive growth. The U disk in everyone’s hands has changed from 128M 10 years ago to 128G now. When there is no breakthrough in the communication principle, it is natural to use powerful computing power to achieve high speed. High computing power makes it possible to use wider frequency bands and more antennas. Under the condition that the communication principle remains unchanged, Calculate throughIt is very simple to violently increase the speed by 1000 times. Huawei has already built a 115Gbps prototype. I was really helpless after reading reports that my country has launched 6G research, which is 10 times faster than 5G.
The location-changing communication asset has characteristics that are different from other assets. In general industries, R&D products are put on the market, getting feedback and gradually improving them, which is a rapid iterative process. As for the change of location communication requirements, before they are anything, everyone jointly agrees on a standard, and then makes products according to this standard. When to launch a generation of communications standards is a strategic decision made by political leaders and business leaders. Of course they will consult technical experts, but the experts may not understand that there is a huge interest game involved, which is obviously unreliable. The micro-discipline recognized by the industry is one generation per decade. When the time comes, all parties work together to promote it and get started. When the cannon goes off, there is a thousand taels of gold. Even if you can’t actually do it, you still have to create the conditions to do it. So we have seen the emergence of many strange technologies in 5G, such as full-duplex, millimeter wave, and now visible light and terahertz are also coming into play. NOMA and F-OFDM are both good compared to each other.
Once the first-generation variable location communication standard is launched, all players have invested huge capital before the product is launched. In view of the strategic position of the communications industry, the will of the government also endorses it. Everyone is tied to this chariot, Liberia Sugar Even if there is a problem, it will not stop until it hits the south wall.
Therefore, the problem of 5G is not only a problem of Huawei, but also a problem of China, the United States and Europe. Like this. Many netizens saw the U.S. imperialism rectifying Huawei on 5G and felt that what the U.S. imperialism opposed must be important. China has been lagging behind for a long time and has always used the United States as a beacon. However, after 40 years of reform, China’s national power has become increasingly powerful. The communications industry as a whole has gained a leading position. In this competitive format, even American imperialism can make mistakes. What about Iridium and Wimax? Aren’t they all caused by the American emperor? Therefore, we must have independent judgment and not be dominated by the other party’s judgment. As commercial use approaches, the problems of 5G will gradually be exposed. For example, ATT’s recent 5G fraud, South Korea’s 5G was accused of being useless, Australia failed to release 5G services as planned, and so on. I hope this article can serve as a reminder to all parties to minimize losses.
Because of Mr. Ren’s speech, I think Huawei has a clear understanding of 5G. Mr. Ren’s latest speech also mentioned that the demand for 5G has not appeared. 5G wins Liberians Sugardaddy Of courseWell, it can become Huawei’s grain-producing field, not to mention that Huawei 5G has been ahead of its competitors for 12 months in terms of publicity. But the failure of 5G is also beneficial to Huawei. Because Huawei has the most complete product line and is the industry leader, without technological innovation, it means the solidification of the existing model, and Huawei will have the last laugh. Of course, layoffs cannot be prevented, which is not good news for communication dogs. For second-tier equipment manufacturers, this is disastrous. Their investment in 5G cannot be recycled, and their existing market share will be gradually eroded by Huawei. Qualcomm is even more in danger. 3G patents are outdated, 4G has no patents, and 5G is gone. How to collect patent fees? In the early years, I thought that the equipment and mobile phones were not profitable and I gave them to others. Now I am a bit dumbfounded. While I still had some money, I wanted to buy NXP, but I was frustrated by the business war. I’m afraid I won’t be able to survive this day.
The 2020 China Shanghai International Information Communications and 5G Technology Expo period. From the Internet to the Internet of Things is a huge change, and many emerging technologies and industries represented by AR/VR, autonomous driving, industrial Internet, and smart cities continue to be popular. In this wave of 5G, the entire communications industry has ushered in a new development opportunity, whether it is operators, equipment manufacturers, or 2019-12-07 15:06:323G licenses have been issued to three Chinese industry and informationization departments 3G (3rd Generation of Mobile Communications) licenses were officially offered yesterday, separately relocating to China Unicom and China Telecom acquired by China in the hoped-for future, 2 years, 3 telecom entrepreneurs will 2009-01 -08 16:09:236 What will the G collection look like? . According to assumptions, the actual download speed of 6G technology can reach 1TB per second in the future. It is expected that research and development will officially begin in 2020 and it will be put into commercial use in 2030. According to the changing time of mobile location communications, it takes ten years for a generation of technology to go from research and development to commercial use. Therefore, when 5G is about to be put into commercial use, it is time to start preparing for 6G research and development. What will 6G networks look like after 2030? 2019-08-16 07:16:39 Type of 5G SA switching failure problem Type of 5G SA switching failure problem 2021-03-02 06:09:09 5G Device design and development: 5G performance scope brings benefits to R&D, engineering and products Investigation results of relevant parties. The survey also included a question about which markets they expect to first generate significant new business revenue using 5G technology. Respondents were asked to choose between two consumer equipment categories. The following are the survey results: consumer equipment (43%), including 2022-04-10 21:31:45 What are the differences between 5G technology and WiFi6? What are the characteristics of 5G technology? 5G Tips and WiFi6Liberians SugardaddyWhat are the differences? 2021-11-10 06:26:15 What printed circuit board (PCB) materials should be considered when selecting circuit materials in the application of 5G technology is a huge challenge. Therefore, it is crucial to correctly understand the key parameters and characteristics of PCB materials and select PCB materials suitable for use in the 5G technology application frequency band. 2019-05-28 08:00:41 How much do you know about the development and application of 5G technology? 1. Communication technology development 5G – world martial arts, only fast! In the era of mobile location Internet, the most core technology is mobile location communication technology. In the communications industry, the battle for standards is a battle for the highest right to speak. Once the standard is established, it will have a huge impact on the global communications industry. Looking at world communication technology 2019-07-10 08:16:41 The commercialization process and application surge of 5G technology. The vehicle can input the conditions around it and can detect and respond to the conditions. Therefore, 5G will be an essential prerequisite for the development of autonomous driving technology. Similarly, in remote medical diagnosis, 5G also plays an irreplaceable advantage. During the fight against COVID-19 in 2020, 5G2020-06-30 11:32:05 Current status analysis of 5G technology exceeds 10Gbps, which is 100 times the current LTE standard. Whether 5G technology can become a reality is still a question. However, the 5G market has begun to heat up. Anokiwave, Broadcom, Intel, Qorvo, Qualcomm, Samsung and other emerging manufacturers 2019-06-19 08:14:33 What is the current status and trend of 5G technology? What 5G brings is not just a simple speed increase. As a unified connection architecture, 5G needs to support diversified spectrum, diversified services and terminals, and diversified deployment within this connection design framework… A media friend interviewed Dr. Thomas Cameron, CTO of ADI’s communications business unit, and the editor picked it up for you. For the essence of the part, see ADI’s interpretation of the current status and trends of 5G technology. 2019-09-18 06:16:32 The progress of 5G technology research and development experiments introduces the commercialization of the fourth generation mobile location communication (4G) technology on a global scale, and the fifth generation mobile location communication (5G) technology for commercial use in 2020 and in the future. R&D and standardization have been fully launched. With the vigorous promotion of the global industry, 5G technology research has developed rapidly and has now entered a critical stage of technical standard development. Countries have also released 5G experimental plans to promote the development of 5G technology and standards. 2019-07-11 06:26:22 5G technology, why can China do it? collection cage). To put it simply, when you use your mobile phone to surf the Internet, the network speed is very fast, the network is refreshed instantly, and the network is never exhausted. And these are obviously location-changing communications.The most basic demands of consumers are just that 5G technology has raised the satisfaction of these demands to an unprecedented level, and the impact has changed from qualitative changes to quantitative changes. Of course2019-08-15 08:30:00How does 5G communication technology achieve ten times faster than 4G? “The eight immortals cross the sea, each showing his magical powers.” A key indicator of 5G is transmission speed: According to the expectations of the communications industry, 5G should achieve a transmission speed more than ten times faster than 4G, that is, the transmission speed of 5G can achieve 1Gb/s. This means that it only takes 10 seconds to transmit a 1GB high-definition movie using 5G2019-08-16 06:56:45 What are the performance advantages of 5G communication technology and the requirements for power amplifier design? What are the performance and advantages achieved by 5G communication technology? What are the requirements for designing a power amplifier with 5G communication technology? 2020-11-24 07:36:55 What are the applications of 5G communication technology? What is 5G wireless communication technology? What are the applications of 5G communication technology? 2021-05-21 06:22:15 Complete explanation of 5G communication technology information (technical characteristics + development trends + surrounding application conditions) Diversified and flexible ways to connect many industries (Chapter 2) How 5G can be used more effectively than existing technologies and reshaping the spectrum (Chapter 3) Which RF communication technology applications and pathways become 5G (Chapter 4) Key milestones to look for in the development of 5.5G (Chapter 5) There is also a handy glossary at the end of the book to Just in case you come across any technical acronyms or concepts. 2018-11-28 14:43:06 The core key technologies of 5G communication and the research progress of various countries have reached 1,000 times the development demand. At present, in addition to 55 domestic communication companies and academic research institutions, this project and participating units have also attracted several international companies such as Samsung, Nokia Siemens Networks, and Ericsson as joint R&D partners for the first time. 5G research is becoming a global field of mobile location communications. The core of a new round of technology competition 2017-12-01 18:57:28 Why is 5G called 5G? Unique, this time the world is highly unified, no other organization can carry the banner of 5G, only this one. Therefore, when it comes to naming 5G technology, there is no need to think hard about technical naming. Besides, 5G includes three main application scenarios, and it uses many technologies that are difficult to name. Therefore, I am used to seeing the industry 2018-01-20 12:36:42 How many G will change after 5G? Location communication has completed a leapfrog growth from 1G to 4G in just over thirty years. More than thirty years in the long history of mankind can only be regarded as a blink of an eye. The eight KPI indicators of 5G are far from the ultimate goal of the development of variable location communications. After 5G, we hope that each G will no longer just have higher speeds and shorter delays. We hope to bring more and change more to mankind. 2019-07-11 06:30:39 Challenges of 5G’s new air interface technology 1. Introduction The waves behind the Yangtze River push the waves ahead, 4G construction is booming, and discussions on 5G are in full swing. thisAmong them, air-to-air technology, as the jewel in the crown of variable location communications, is the most obvious symbol of the difference in each generation of variable location communications. It is also the field where “a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred flowers bloom” is most vividly summarized. With 2019-07-11 07:54:10 Which key radio frequency technologies cannot be avoided in the 5G development path? With the acceleration of 5G standardization and the opening of pre-commercial use, 5G is getting closer and closer. It is expected that by the end of 2018, important links in the 5G industry chain will basically reach the pre-commercial level, promoting better and faster development of 5G and laying the foundation for 5G-scale trials and commercialization. Recently, China Communications 2019-07-30 08:14:07 5G base station development and construction status and networking technology introduction 1. Construction status Although 5G technology has not yet been commercialized on a large scale, it has begun to be used in the United States, japan(Liberians SugardaddyJapan), Europe and China are deployed in large and medium-sized cities, such as Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hangzhou in my country. The small-scale deployment of 5G base stations has begun to provide 5G communication transmission services. 5G base station application multiple outputs and multiple losses 2020-10-12 16:21:22 Analysis of 5G RF testing skills white paper Detailed explanation of 5G RF testing skills white paper 2021-01-13 06:33:58 Comparison of the advantages of 5G industrial gateway and 5G industrial sharing device 1. 5G Features: The peak speed of 5G network is more than 20 times higher than that of 4G. With new coding technology, ultra-dense networking, high bandwidth, high speed, and low latency, 5G applications will profoundly affect various industries such as entertainment, manufacturing, cars, energy, medical care, road conditions, education, and elderly care. At present, many companies 2020-08-06 17:29:59 are engaged in the research and development of 5G baseband chips in 5G mobile phones. It takes at least 5 years for each communication model to be developed from scratch and then stabilized. On the surface, GSM speed seems to be very low, but in fact its complexity is not low. And technology alone is not enough, it also requires a lot of manpower and time to conduct field testing on global networks. There is no doubt that during a 2019-09-17 09:05:06 5G bearer network demand and new technology progress, during the China Optics Valley International Optoelectronics Exhibition and Forum (OVC EXPO2018), “the peak of the information and communication industry in the 5G era” Forum” was held grandly at the China Optics Valley Technology Exhibition Center. Ma Jun, a communication technology expert from Langyan, delivered a keynote speech on “Evolution of Bearer Network Technology in the 5G Era”, focusing on the requirements and new technological progress of 5G bearer networks, as well as the progress of Langyan Progress in the 5G bearer field and 5G bearer network design proposals. 2021-02-03 07:58:39 What are the innovative technologies behind 5G?What are the innovative technologies behind G’s transformation of the world? 2020-12-29 07:04:565G wireless technology innovation: phased array antenna design`Although the market and media publicity of 5G technology continue to increase, there is an unspoken fact: the technical challenges faced by 5G in the future Still a lot. The initial industry standards for 5G were approved in 2018. Before 5G is officially put into mainstream commercial applications, there are still many regulatory issues and countless 2018-12-06 10:48:53 How do 5G wireless applications unlock new technologies? 5G provides better communications for humans and machines. When will 5G arrive? 2020-12-07 07:12:49 Prospects for wireless communication systems in the 5G era With the emergence of 5G technology, becoming an RF engineer is an exciting job now. There are countless challenges and opportunities for the engineering design community on our path to 5G, the next generation of wireless communications systems. 5G represents the evolution and revolution of mobile location technology, which has reached wireless 2019-07-11 07:48:26 What is 5G? When will 5G come? Basically a further evolution. Regarding the perspective of technological evolution, Occam’s razor, a member of the Scientific Squirrel Society’s communications research faculty, has a simple double hump theory, which can clearly illustrate that 5G is just a perspective of technological evolution. The double hump theory of Occam’s razor Occam’s razor believes that after the emergence of a new technical concept, the industry 2016-06-14 17:02:32 Analysis of the technical road of the 5G standard The technical road of the 5G standard 2020-12-28 07 :56:00What does the setting of 5G standards mean? 5G NR stops field testing. It has previously been announced that the first pre-standard 5G connection was completed in a live network. The GSMA has predicted that the world will have more than 1.1 billion 5G connections by 2025, and with the rapid development of the above-mentioned technologies, the GSMA’s predictions have become more and more obvious. Following 5G2018-07-18 11:07:16 What challenges does 5G millimeter wave technology face? The data transmission speed can exceed 10Gbps, which is 100 times the current LTE standard. Whether 5G technology can become a reality is still a question. However, the 5G market has begun to heat up. Anokiwave, Broadcom, Intel, Qorvo, Qualcomm, Samsung and others continue to emerge 2019-07-11 07:46:455G beamforming and super downlink technology `5G is a new generation of mobile location communication technology, in achieving a better experience There are many challenges along the way. In the last comic, Qilin Jun explained to everyone the growth process of Qilin, overcoming difficulties along the way and finally becoming a “5G Grandmaster”. What “moves” does Qilin use to overcome difficulties? Tomorrow, I will explain two strategies for you. 2020-05-13 09:04:01 5G license: The next watershed spectrum allocation for communication companies has also been finalized. Now is the beginning of 5G commercialization… The 5G era is gradually approaching the trillion level The market is at war with 5G marketHow big the market is cannot be explained clearly by a simple number. 5G not only benefits location-changing mobile phones, but also encompasses artificial intelligence, cloud computing and other technologies. 2018-11-12 15:09:35 The 8 key technologies of 5G. Before getting into the topic, I think we should first understand one Topic: Why is 5G needed? It’s not because communications engineers suddenly wanted to change the world and concocted a 5G. It’s because there was demand first and then there was 5G. What needs? The future network will face: 1000 times the data capacity 2019-07-10 06:10:51 The technology behind 5G revealed Author: China’s changing location intelligent hardware 4G technology has not entered our lives for a few years, and now 5G communication has into people’s sight. Compared with 4Liberians EscortG technology, the improvement of 5G is extremely anticipated. On the one hand, in terms of speed, 5G has higher speed , wider bandwidth, estimated 5G network speed 2019-07-16 07:00:20 How much do you know about these innovative technologies of 5G? What is 5G? 5G represents the fifth generation of mobile location communication technology. It is a standard and technology for the operation and communication of mobile phones and various mobile location terminals. 5G networks can support billions of connected sensors and terminals at the same time – not just smartphones, hotspots and always-on, always-connected PCs. The advent of 5G will open up things in a few years 2019-07-10 07:05:53 The new era of networking – Guliang technology services, smart cities and other fields provide necessary technical conditions for gaming, culture, medicine, military and other fields. Wholesale, industrial, manufacturing and other industries. Generally speaking, 5G technology can connect all things, but 5G is not the whole of the Internet of Things, but just one of the Internet of Things communication technologies. 2019-09-03 14:18:57 5G phased array simulation technology analyzes the antenna for changing position communication The main component of the system, with the development of variable position communication technology, the shape of the antenna is becoming more and more diverse, and the technology is becoming increasingly complex. Entering the 5G era, large-scale MIMO, beamforming, etc. have become key technologies, driving the evolution of antennas in the direction of activeness and complexity. Antenna design methods also need to keep pace with the times, using advanced simulation methods to cope with complex design requirements and meet the continuously improving performance requirements of antennas in the 5G era. 2021-01-01 07:08:03 How far is 5G from us? The main recommended PolarCode (polar code) solution has been recognized by 3GPP as the monopolized channel coding solution for 5GeMBB scenarios. This is the first time that a Chinese company has appeared among the leaders of global mobile location communication technology. 2. How far is 5G from us? According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU2019-01-13 15:27:48 Future antenna technologies in 5G variable location communicationsPosition-changing terminals and antennas serve as central components for transmitting and receiving electronic signals. Now, the next generation communication technology – 5G has entered the standard formulation stage, and major operators are also actively deploying 5G equipment. There is no doubt that 5G will bring a brand new experience to users. It has a transmission ten times faster than 4G. 2019-06-19 06:44:14 A detailed introduction to the research and design of 5G variable position communication antenna. This article mainly talks about what is inherent. Affairs? In the 21st century, where science and technology are advancing rapidly, the speed of technology replacement and new material replacement has exceeded our imagination. This article combines the current development status of international and foreign position-changing communication technology, and based on the results previously obtained Liberians Escort, Let’s introduce in detail the research and design of 5G variable position communication antenna. 2019-06-13 06:21:20 5G variable location communications technology training materials are presumed to be beyond their usefulness, but I assume a few things. Importantly, I assume that you are a stakeholder in the changing location communications industry and have more than one interest in 4G and 5G networks and technologies. Maybe you are an engineer, design architect, technician, technical leader, salesman or investor. I also assume that you have some familiarity with the variable location communications industry and radio frequency (RF) technology. Therefore, this book is mainly written for a technical audience. `2018-10-31 16:05:31 Analysis of the core technology behind 5G is really coming this time! 5G base stations can support large-scale antenna arrays, and the number of configured antennas can even reach 1024. To fully realize the potential of these large-scale antenna arrays, 5G beamforming technology (Beamforming) is absolutely indispensable! Today we will take you together to get closer to these two wings that help 5G communications take off. 2019-06-18 07:07:59 5G coverage pilot background and related technologies introduce the development direction of the Internet. To meet the development needs of high-speed and low-latency future services, more advanced wireless transmission technologies need to be adopted. 5G will adopt large-scale antenna arrays, ultra-dense networking, high-order modulation, non-orthogonal transmission and full-duplex and other key skills. At present, all international communication companies and R&D institutions have officially released its self-developed 5G modem chip Barong in February 2018. (Balong)5G01. Due to its improved research and development skills in communication baseband, Samsung can only purchase Qualcomm chips to supplement it. In February 2018, Qualcomm officially announced 18 ODMs (the company published an article on 2018-10-25 16:16:09 to help you understand The development and application of 5G technology 1. Development of communication technology 5G—- In the world of martial arts, speed is the only thing that cannot be broken! In the age of the mobile Internet, the most core technology is the mobile communication technology. In the communications industry, the battle for standards is a battle for the highest right to speak. Once the standard is established, it will have a huge impact on the global communications industry. Looking at world communication technology 2018-02-01 11:40:15@All correspondents: A letter of invitation from the future 500000000 era event registration link: https://bbs.elecfans.com/jishu_1667569_1_1.html【 The 5G Communication Sub-Forum of the 5th China Internet of Things Conference] will invite current well-known corporate leaders in the industry to explain it to you. We will 2018-10-30 18:23:55MACOM Perspective: How 5G will Growth? Solve problems encountered in use; third, it becomes a link that can connect different product departments of MACOM together. At the same time, according to his disclosure, the Shenzhen laboratory will participate in product failure analysis in the future. “Currently, product failure analysis needs to be done in the United States, which is very inconvenient.” 5G Optical Communications 2019-01-22 11:22:59 [DongguanLiberia Sugar DaddyStation] Unlocking new technologies for efficient component testing in the 5G era – Precautions for the Keysight Test Technology Research Institute test platform. Optimize the quality of electronic signal tools to ensure high-performance verification of network broadband 5G components. In 5G and satellite communication systems, electronic signal power and fidelity are crucial to the evaluation of high-performance components. Current technology limits the quality of electronic signals – including flatness and distortion. Keysight 2019-09-25 17:11:54 [Jimmy Group] Outdoor surveillance cameras and 5G connected cars will be the two major markets for 5G IoT in the future. According to Gartner’s latest report, in the next three years, outdoor surveillance cameras will href=”https://liberia-sugar.com/”>Liberia Sugar Daddy Shadow Head will be the largest market for 5G Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in the world. It is expected that by 2020, outdoor surveillance Cameras will account for 70% of the number of 5G IoT terminal devices, but by 2023 2019-10-21 14:24:11 [Dry information] 5G wireless communication technology concept and application (super network broadband), NETWORK． LMDS (Local Multicast Service) and IPv6 (Internet Protocol). In fact, IPv6 is the basic protocol for 4G and 5G technology. 5G technology is a complete wireless communication system without any restrictions, so we call 5G a truly wireless world 2016-12-21 18:32:37 [Shenzhen Station] Unlocking efficient testing of components in the 5G eraNew technologies – Things to note from the Keysight Testing Technology Research Institute. Optimize the quality of electronic signal tools to ensure high-performance verification of network broadband 5G components. In 5G and satellite communication systems, electronic signal power and fidelity are crucial to the evaluation of high-performance components. Current technology limits the quality of electronic signals – including flatness and distortion. Keysight Technology recently announced on 2019-09-25 15:35:20 China’s 5G overseas projects have repeatedly hit the rocks, and the strength of 5G has been confirmed. 5G technology contains a huge market opportunity. This is already a global consensus. In this regard, the technology industry around the world is racing to capture territory and is ready to move. Technology companies are also keeping a close eye on the news of 5G networks in order to get the first place before profits arrive. After several years of preparation and simulation 2018-08-27 16:59:18 Experts from the Chinese Academy of Sciences talk about: 5G key technology – FPGA wireless communication software development (materials + benefits) ———- ————————————————– ———————– Send videos to friends without spending money to invite you to watch [5G Key Technologies] FPGA Wireless Communication Development Issue 1: FPGA2019- 10-21 18:30:29 Why should GaN technology be used to complete 5G communication? After reading this, you will understand why GaN technology should be used to complete 5G communication? 2020-12-29 07:30:12What is 5G NR? New radio station. Qualcomm commented that NR is a complex topic because it involves a new OFDM-based wireless standard. Figure 1 5G wireless access architecture consists of LTE evolution and new radio access technology (NR). It is not backward compatible with LTE and can work from 1GHz to 100GHz. 2017-05-03 11:34:31 What is a 5G antenna And radio frequency? The total investment on the wireless side (including base station equipment and antenna department) accounts for about 60% of the total investment in 4G networks. The replacement of technology and new materials will increase the investment scale of antennas and radio frequency devices on the wireless side, and the value proportion will continue to increase. Compared with the number of 4G base stations, it is expected that the number of 5G macro base stations will reach about 1.52019-09-17 08:02:52 What is the key technology of 5G high frequency? 5G technology is booming, and various candidate technologies have received widespread tracking and attention from the industry. This article combines the application scenarios and key technologies of high-frequency technology in 5G, introduces the 5G high-frequency wireless air interface test bed developed by Ericsson, distributes the test results of the first phase of China’s 5G technology research and development experiments to friends, analyzes and summarizes An outstanding performance of 5G high-frequency technology. 2019-08-16 07:27:48 From the “industrial internet” to the situation surrounding the 5G optical module market and technology, especially after the pain of Sino-US trade friction in 2018, destocking and decapacity have becomeResonance for communication device manufacturers. In order to further improve the efficiency of childbirth and adapt to increasingly sophisticated customer needs, the “industrial internet” came into being. ◮5G technical indicators and typical scenarios are compared with traditional impressions. 2019-03-22 16:02:46 Can anyone introduce the technical principles of 5G in detail? The technical principle of 5G The spectrum of 5G affects the electronic signal coverage of 5G2020-12-01 07:23:50What is 5G? What’s so great about 5G? Stop the experiment. If calculated based on 28GHz, according to the formula we mentioned earlier: This is the first technical feature of 5G – the top row is “millimeter wave”. Since high frequency is so good, you will definitely ask: “Why did we use it before?” What about high frequency? “It’s not that I don’t want to use it, but I can’t afford it2019-03-07 15:00:11How to deal with 5G communication high frequencyLiberia Sugar DaddyRadio frequency technology challenges of bandwidth and high power? 119%. Behind the high growth are opportunities in the radio frequency market, but they are also challenges. How to solve the radio frequency technology challenges of high bandwidth and high power in 5G communications? It has become a very difficult question. 2019-08-01 08:25:49The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology formulates policies: What will 5G technology bring to the three major operators? Influence. In the medium to long term, after the development of 5G network, the technical and market characteristics of 5G are destined to allow the three operators to enter into homogeneous services and low-price competition, which will further shrink the profits of downstream companies in the entire communications industry. , and may even inspire the opening and transformation of some communications companies. It can be seen from 2018-05-31 20:10:51 Nuggets exceed one trillion 5G market, Chinese chip companies perform “a good show” In the future development of the digital economy, 5G will become an important foundation. It is important for Chinese chip companies to accelerate chip research and development for the 5G market, but for operators and the communication equipment suppliers behind them, it is not easy to make the leap from standards to commercialization. Take 5G chips as an example, including Qualcomm, Intel, and United 2018-08-20 17:30:01 The significance of millimeter wave MIMO antenna switches for 5G communications [Introduction] 5G communications are being developed intensively, and millimeter wave MIMO is One of the key skills. This technology is used in most of the current 5G prototype demonstration systems, and this technology also has extremely strict and high standards for millimeter wave antenna switches. MACOM’s latest release 2019-06-19 06:58:04 Shenzhen Pengduxin went to Taiwan for dinner with internationally renowned companies and participated in the Cross-Strait Economic and Trade Conference Equipment and ConsumptionLR EscortsMaterial suppliers have signed up to participate in the exhibition. Among them, Shenzhen Pengduxin, one of the exhibitors, joined the third batch of two companies in mainland China in 2009.A Taiwan-Strait economic and trade promotion assessment team went to Taiwan. The Third Haimao Group first donated RMB 3 million to compatriots in the disaster-stricken areas hit by the typhoon. Shenzhen Pengduxin and other internationally renowned companies such as Lenovo, Shenchuan Computer, China Railway Materials, Shenzhen Xikopu, etc. signed purchase contracts worth US$3.87 billion with 14 manufacturers. 2010-02-10 11:03:27 An in-depth analysis of the patented technology and communication principle issues behind 5G. That is, usually when covered by a base station, the distribution of mobile phones is uneven. The result of a lot of people using mobile phones at the same time is that everyone The electronic signal has become poor, but the electronic signal is very good in places where there are no people. In order to solve this problem, in the 5G era, people have done a lot of technology2019-07-15 19:35:54What is 5G? They are emerging one after another, and there is an urgent need for support from a new generation of wireless variable location communication technology that is faster, more efficient, and more intelligent. Therefore, at a time when the deployment of the fourth generation mobile location communication (4G) network is booming around the world, the fifth generation mobile location communication technology (5G, fifth-generation2019-08-16 07:52:39The first version of the 5G standard will How much say does China have when it is announced next month? It is a very basic technology. In 5G related standards, major camps in the world once had a fierce debate on the channel coding standard. In 2016, Polar, which was promoted by Chinese communications companies, became the dominant channel. Coding. This is China’s first breakthrough in the field of channel coding, and it will provide China with more opportunities in 5G standards than ever before. 2018-05 -31 13:21:52 Gearing up to welcome the new era of 5G – the launch of the LitePoint 5G Commercial Mass Production Testing Technology Seminar will quickly promote the rapid implementation of 5G commercialization in all aspects of the 5G ecosystem based on standards. For 5G commercial mass production, senior technical experts have some indispensable tips. By mastering these tips, companies can achieve the goal of going from DVT to mass production faster and easier. 2018-11-16 13: 54:13 Detailed explanation of the six key technologies of 5G In December 2013, my country’s fourth-generation mobile location communications (4G) license was issued, and 4G technology officially entered commercial use. At the same time, the fifth generation of mobile location communications needs to be addressed. The research and development of modern mobile location communications (5G) has already been in full swing around the world. What is the process of 5G research and development? Let’s talk about the great success of entrepreneurs in research and development 2017-12-07 18:40:58Liberia Sugar Human Group Shi Yuzhu; Robin Li: The Prince Charming of the IT Industry, Let’s Talk About Successful Entrepreneurs 2012-07-17 08:04:24These The “5G” secret is easily accessible to technology expertsPass! (Easter egg attached) has rapidly promoted the standard-based 5G commercialization process in all aspects of the 5G ecosystem. Senior technical experts have some indispensable tips on how to quickly achieve commercial mass production of 5G. By mastering these tips, companies can achieve the goal of moving from DVT to mass production faster and more easily. 2018-11-16 11:39:12 Return to communications dominance. Japan (Japan) may achieve full 5G network coverage in 2023 , the domestic 4G network has been basically popularized, and discussions on the next generation of communication technology have been ongoing. Recently, Japan operators stated that they will expand 5G electronic signal coverage across Japan in 2023. It is reported that NTT DOCOMO and KDDI, the three major mobile location communication operators in Japan (Japan)2019-01-13 15:15:02 New opportunities for high-frequency microwave radio frequency PCB boards in 5G and 6G applications, key technologies and core components Breakthroughs and development, and the formulation of all-round support policies, which will drive the rapid development of microwave dielectric ceramic components. 5G communication technology has improved, the number of base stations has increased significantly (will be 45 times that of the 4G era), and there is a huge demand for microwave communication components. The channel number of 5G antenna is 4G2023-03-28 11:18:13 Yang Xuezhi: 5G will be a completely failed communication technology. 5G is the next generation technology of wireless communication and is also the hottest topic at the moment. However, there are also some doubts about the value of 5G. Technology guru Yang Xuezhi published an article on Communicator Home, demonstrating that 5G is a “failed technology” from a technical perspective. The internal affairs are relatively novel, so readers are asked to judge for themselves, and Liberians Sugardaddy is welcome to leave a message for communication! 2019-03-11 09:58:24
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